@article {1625, title = {Treatment of heroin dependence with buprenorphine in primary care.}, journal = {The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse}, volume = {28}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {231-41}, abstract = {Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for heroin dependence. The feasibility and potential efficacy of buprenorphine with brief counseling in primary care is unknown. We enrolled 14 heroin dependent patients in a 13-week clinical trial using thrice weekly buprenorphine along with brief counseling in the primary care center of an urban medical center. Primary outcomes included urine toxicology and treatment retention. Opioid-positive urine toxicology tests reduced over the 13-week period from 95 to 25\% (p < 0.05). Eleven patients (79\%) had greater than or equal to one week of opioid-free urine toxicologies. Nine patients (64\%) had greater than or equal to three weeks of opioid-free urine toxicologies. Eleven patients (79\%) were retained through the maintenance phase. We conclude that buprenorphine maintenance is feasible in a primary care setting.}, keywords = {Administration, Sublingual, Adult, Ambulatory Care, Buprenorphine, Combined Modality Therapy, Connecticut, Counseling, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Administration Schedule, Feasibility Studies, Female, Heroin Dependence, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Social Support, Treatment Outcome, Urban Population}, issn = {0095-2990}, doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01335.x}, author = {Fiellin, David A and Pantalon, Michael V and Pakes, Juliana P and O{\textquoteright}Connor, Patrick G and Chawarski, Marek and Schottenfeld, Richard S} }