@article {2654,
	title = {HIV Infection and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction.},
	journal = {JAMA internal medicine},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013 Mar 4},
	pages = {1-9},
	abstract = {IMPORTANCE Whether people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared with uninfected people is not clear. Without demographically and behaviorally similar uninfected comparators and without uniformly measured clinical data on risk factors and fatal and nonfatal AMI events, any potential association between HIV status and AMI may be confounded. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether HIV is associated with an increased risk of AMI after adjustment for all standard Framingham risk factors among a large cohort of HIV-positive and demographically and behaviorally similar (ie, similar prevalence of smoking, alcohol, and cocaine use) uninfected veterans in care. DESIGN AND SETTING Participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Virtual Cohort from April 1, 2003, through December 31, 2009. PARTICIPANTS After eliminating those with baseline cardiovascular disease, we analyzed data on HIV status, age, sex, race/ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, hepatitis C infection, body mass index, renal disease, anemia, substance use, CD4 cell count, HIV-1 RNA, antiretroviral therapy, and incidence of AMI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Acute myocardial infarction. RESULTS We analyzed data on 82~459 participants. During a median follow-up of 5.9 years, there were 871 AMI events. Across 3 decades of age, the mean (95\% CI) AMI events per 1000 person-years was consistently and significantly higher for HIV-positive compared with uninfected veterans: for those aged 40 to 49 years, 2.0 (1.6-2.4) vs 1.5 (1.3-1.7); for those aged 50 to 59 years, 3.9 (3.3-4.5) vs 2.2 (1.9-2.5); and for those aged 60 to 69 years, 5.0 (3.8-6.7) vs 3.3 (2.6-4.2) (P~\&lt;~.05 for all). After adjusting for Framingham risk factors, comorbidities, and substance use, HIV-positive veterans had an increased risk of incident AMI compared with uninfected veterans (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95\% CI, 1.27-1.72). An excess risk remained among those achieving an HIV-1 RNA level less than 500 copies/mL compared with uninfected veterans in time-updated analyses (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95\% CI, 1.17-1.66). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Infection with HIV is associated with a 50\% increased risk of AMI beyond that explained by recognized risk factors.},
	issn = {2168-6114},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0044833},
	author = {Freiberg, Matthew S and Chang, Chung-Chou H and Kuller, Lewis H and Skanderson, Melissa and Lowy, Elliott and Kraemer, Kevin L and Butt, Adeel A and Goetz, Matthew Bidwell and Leaf, David and Oursler, Kris Ann and Rimland, David and Rodriguez Barradas, Maria and Brown, Sheldon and Gibert, Cynthia and McGinnis, Kathy and Crothers, Kristina and Sico, Jason and Crane, Heidi and Warner, Alberta and Gottlieb, Stephen and Gottdiener, John and Tracy, Russell P and Budoff, Matthew and Watson, Courtney and Armah, Kaku A and Doebler, Donna and Bryant, Kendall and Justice, Amy C}
}
