@article {3062,
	title = {Impact of cigarette smoking on mortality in HIV-positive and HIV-negative veterans.},
	journal = {AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Jun},
	pages = {40-53},
	abstract = {It is unknown whether smoking confers similar mortality risk in HIV-positive as in HIV-negative patients. We compared overall mortality stratified by HIV and smoking of 1,034 HIV-positive block-matched to 739 HIV-negative veterans, enrolled 2001-2002 in the Veterans Aging Cohort 5 Site Study. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) for mortality were calculated using Poisson regression. Mortality was significantly increased in HIV-positive veterans according to both smoking status and pack-years in unadjusted and adjusted analyses (adjusted IRR 2.31, 95\% confidence interval [CI] 1.53-3.49 for HIV-positive current smokers and IRR 1.32, 95\% CI 0.67-2.61 for HIV-negative current smokers). Comorbid diseases were also significantly increased according to smoking status and pack-years. Current smoking is associated with poor outcomes; even lower levels of exposure appear to be detrimental in HIV-infected veterans. These findings support the need for improvements in smoking cessation and for studies of mechanisms and diseases underlying increased mortality in smokers with HIV.},
	keywords = {Adult, Anti-HIV Agents, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Female, HIV Infections, HIV Seronegativity, HIV Seropositivity, HIV-1, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Quality of Life, Smoking, Survival Analysis, United States, Veterans, Viral Load},
	issn = {1943-2755},
	doi = {10.1521/aeap.2009.21.3_supp.40},
	author = {Crothers, Kristina and Goulet, Joseph L and Rodriguez-Barradas, Maria C and Gibert, Cynthia L and Oursler, Krisann K and Goetz, Matthew Bidwell and Crystal, Stephen and Leaf, David A and Butt, Adeel A and Braithwaite, R Scott and Peck, Robin and Justice, Amy C}
}
