@article {4164,
	title = {Combined prevention for persons who inject drugs in the HIV epidemic in a transitional country: the case of Tallinn, Estonia.},
	journal = {AIDS care},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Jul 23},
	pages = {1-7},
	abstract = {The study was undertaken to assess the potential effectiveness of combined HIV prevention on the very high seroprevalence epidemic among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Tallinn, Estonia, a transitional country. Data from community-based cross-sectional (respondent-driven sampling) surveys of PWID in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011 were used together with mathematical modeling of injection-associated HIV acquisition to estimate changes in injection-related HIV incidence during these periods. Utilization of one, two, or three of the interventions available in the community (needle and syringes exchange program, antiretroviral treatment [ART], HIV testing, opioid substitution treatment) was reported by 42.5\%, 30.5\%, and 11.5\% of HIV+ and 34.7\%, 36.4\%, and 5.7\% of HIV- PWIDs, respectively, in 2011. The modeling results suggest that the combination of needle/syringe programs and provision of ART to PWID in Tallinn substantially reduced the incidence of HIV infection in this population, from an estimated 20.7/100 person-years in 2005 to 7.5/100 person-years in 2011. In conclusion, combined prevention targeting HIV acquisition and transmission-related risks among PWID in Tallinn has paralleled the downturn of the HIV epidemic in this population.},
	issn = {1360-0451},
	doi = {10.1080/09540121.2014.940271},
	author = {Uusk{\"u}la, Anneli and Des Jarlais, Don C and Raag, Mait and Pinkerton, Steven D and Feelemyer, Jonathan}
}
